Dan & Lily's Roman History

Dan & Lily's Roman History l am a retired academic with two Bachelor & four Master Degrees. Mediterranean & Aegean regions feature heavily. Army reenactment & photographers are used.

Pompeii & Herculaneum feature with descriptions given on all photos with citations included.

A friend of mine was going through some photos of a trip to the UK and, as he always does, he takes hundreds of photos f...
30/08/2026

A friend of mine was going through some photos of a trip to the UK and, as he always does, he takes hundreds of photos for my page. I just came across this beautiful 1st Century AD white marble of a Roman on horseback. It is on display outside in the Great Court of the British Museum. It is an interesting piece, as originally, prior to extensive cleaning, it was believed to be Caligula, but now academics believe it to be one of the younger Julio-Claudian heirs. If this is the case, which is plausible, as he wears nothing but a military Paludamentum.

This symbolic command cloak, clasped at the right shoulder, denoted the wearer as an extremely high-level commander in the war hierarchy or an Imperial heir in line to the rule. Being portrayed naked in Graeco-Roman sculpture was also representative of a deity or someone in the same symbolic level of importance, lending credibility that this is indeed a young heir. It is a beautiful piece and is in astonishing condition, standing two metres. The individual seems to be Germanicus.

He had an astonishing, accelerated political and military career, being Consul in 12 AD and Pro-Consul (Governor) of Germania and Gaul. From 14-16 AD, he commanded an amazing eight Legions and retrieved two of the three lost Aquila (Legionary Eagles) that were lost in the Teutoburg disaster. In 17 AD, he returned to Rome, receiving an enormous Military Triumph, and then embarked upon a campaign and succeeded in incorporating Commagene and Cappadocia in 18 AD.

On top of all this rapidly growing power base, he went to Syria in an attempt to reorganise issues that had arisen with the Governor, Piso. Unfortunately, Germanicus mysteriously became seriously unwell and died. The ancient sources state poisoning, and you don't have to look too hard to see Tiberius, who had only been Emperor for four years at this point, would have viewed Germanicus as the most charismatic, loved by his enormous number of troops, strong support in the Senate, etc as a definite threat to take the throne.

Unfortunately, we'll never know, but it's fairly clear. Germanicus solved five major problems for the Principate in just four years, so Tiberius probably thought that it was time for him to go.

See more photos in the comments section.

Dan & Lily's Roman History

I just received an invitation to my High School 38 year reunion. In Ancient and Modern History we were taught by twin br...
29/08/2026

I just received an invitation to my High School 38 year reunion. In Ancient and Modern History we were taught by twin brothers (seriously) and they were both agro head cases. One of my mates replied on the RSVP with this beauty...

šŸ”„āš”Faces of the Legionāš”šŸ”„ XXI RAPAX looking polished as always. These guys are so good and well researched, that's why the...
28/08/2026

šŸ”„āš”Faces of the Legionāš”šŸ”„

XXI RAPAX looking polished as always. These guys are so good and well researched, that's why they feature so heavily on my page.

Photos: Andrzej Stasiukiewicz
Dan & Lily's Roman History

28/08/2026

See how roads work during heavy šŸŒ§ļø rain at Pompeii. Amazing demo.

A series of images from the Villa de Noheda in Spain. The mosaic, or series of mosaics, makes it either one of the large...
27/08/2026

A series of images from the Villa de Noheda in Spain. The mosaic, or series of mosaics, makes it either one of the largest continuous mosaics or series of mosaics close together, covering a huge area in the world. This puts it in the same conversation as the Antakya mosaics under the hotel in Turkey and the famous mosaics at the Villa Romana del Casale in Sicily.

However you consider it, or the semantics behind the arguments as to which site is better, one thing remains important: beautiful, massive works of Roman art spanning from Spain, Sicily, and all the way to Western Turkey. What another powerful legacy left to us by the Roman Civilization.

Photos: Xoan Moreno Paredes.
Dan & Lily's Roman History

Season One of Barbarians on Netflix was a beautiful thing to see, costume wise anyway. This is due purely to Cezary Wysz...
27/08/2026

Season One of Barbarians on Netflix was a beautiful thing to see, costume wise anyway. This is due purely to Cezary Wyszynski founder and president of "Legio XXI Rapax" He was the historical supervisor and researcher for costumes (position first offered to Flavius Stilicho who declined and recommended Cezary Wyszynski) and most of the kit and many of the non speaking Roman Legionary parts are reenactors from XXI Rapax. This is why it's the best presented and most authentic costumes for the Year 9 AD and the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest I have ever scene.

Many of the usual review people rate the show horrendously but they agree that the costumes are something not usually seen as they are expensive and historically correct. HBO'S ROME is mentioned in this same conversation although both show and costumes are praised in Rome's case.

In this image we see Metellus, a powerful Centurion and due to his proximity to the Legatus Legionis (Legion commander) and Military Tribunes he must be the Primus Pilus (head Centurion of the entire Legion) His panoply (full clothing and armour kit) is perfect with all evidence we have on 1st Century AD Roman troops and leadership.

He wears one of nine iterations of Gallic Type helmet with the famous "eyebrows" and thiner, high set dome while others have a lower flatter top. His armour is two tone bronze and steel Lorica Squamata which is armour plates stitched to a thick undergarment making it far more comfortable and provides a better range of movement. He also has a chest and rear shoulders add on piece that slides over the head giving a whole extra layer for blows to chest, shoulders, upper back and neck.

The two large silver torcs on his torso are bravery awards, akin to the Phalarae harness he is wearing and the gold and silver bracelets soldiers wore (armilla) which identified you as a war hero when out of uniform. The torcs on Metellus' armour are tied to his focale (neck scarf) which doubled to protect from armour cuts and also absorbed sweat and prevented dirt and grime getting inside your gear.

The crest is made of a common, easy to obtain feather dyed a deep red and they are two tiered meaning two separate crests close together but making the plumage appear much thicker. This also allows for the replacing of one tier of feathers with a different shade of red, white, pink or black, all colours that would look great. The feathers could also be switched out out fir shorter ir taller feathers.

His Paludamentum which is a type of cloak/cape showing a higher rank and here is a dark maroon. He wears it here clasped at the right shoulder and pulled across the front of his torso and mostly hangs to the left. In times of war officers wear a command sash of varied colours (tied around the midsection with one bow) the Paludamentum is neatly folded and clasped securely on the left shoulder and hangs down the left side of the body. The colour and way these two articles of clothing are worn signifies the exact level of officer the approaching man is.

Dan & Lily's Roman History

A 4th Century BC Boeotian helmet and recognisable as a favoured type for Macedonian cavalry. It provided exceptional vis...
27/08/2026

A 4th Century BC Boeotian helmet and recognisable as a favoured type for Macedonian cavalry. It provided exceptional vision for horse riders and many other units and armies also used it. Xenophon wrote that:

"It provided the best vision and sun protection above the cuirass than any other helmet"

The final image is a recreation made by Res Bellica.

Images: CC BY SA Public Domain.
Dan & Lily's Roman History

The death of Crastinus at Pharsalus in 48 BC. The legendary Centurion volunteered to  head the seemingly hopeless charge...
26/08/2026

The death of Crastinus at Pharsalus in 48 BC. The legendary Centurion volunteered to head the seemingly hopeless charge of volunteers of the best from Caesar'mighty "Legio X" Crastinus held the rank of 'Primus Pilus' or commanding Centurion of the entire Legion.

The sources tells us that Crastinus addressed Caesar before the charge basically saying "I am going to die doing this for you" His fanaticism worked as his band of volunteers almost broke through Pompey's elite, veterans from his beloved "Legio I"

Caesar won the day and afterwards the body of Crastinus was found having a gladius thrust through the mouth, instantly killing him. Caesar erected a memorial to him going as far to declare his heroism set the example to all who watched that Caesar's cause was right and just.

Dan & Lily's Roman History

The magnificent discovery of a solid bronze Roman rostrum (battering ram) used during the Battle of the Aegates Islands ...
26/08/2026

The magnificent discovery of a solid bronze Roman rostrum (battering ram) used during the Battle of the Aegates Islands (241 BC) during the ongoing Naval conflict of Rome and Carthage known as the Punic Wars. The ram actually had a Roman Montefortino type helmet stuck to it, along with a mass of barnacles and other sea life. The ram from the site of the Battle is housed and exhibited in the "Ram's Room" at the Ex Stabilimento Florio museum on Favignana Island.

Photos: CC BY SA Public Domain.
Dan & Lily's Roman History

The Villa of Mysteries, Pompeii. This is the famous Room Five with black and white mosaic flooring and predominantly red...
26/08/2026

The Villa of Mysteries, Pompeii. This is the famous Room Five with black and white mosaic flooring and predominantly red background fresco of people depicted around every wall.

Photos: Guiseppe Ciaramella, Klaus Heese, Buzz Ferbee.

Dan & Lily's Roman History

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