08/29/2026
The Case of Private William H. Howe
In July 1863, Fort Mifflin became one of roughly 150 military prisons used by the Union and Confederacy. During the Civil War, the Fort held Confederate prisoners of war, Union army prisoners, and civilian criminal and political prisoners in the Fort's bombproof shelters (casemates). Some were also kept in Casemate 11 in a set of underground cells.
Perhaps the most famous of Fort Mifflin's Civil War prisoners was William H. Howe. Howe was a young farmer and cigar maker from Perkiomenville, Montgomery County, PA, who enlisted in the Union Army on August 8, 1862. While in the army, Howe served as a private in the 116th Pennsylvania Volunteer Regiment and was a veteran of the Battle of Fredericksburg (December 11-15, 1862).
Sometime after the battle, Howe fell ill with “inflammation of the bowels.” Unable to find suitable medical care, he left his regiment in late December 1862 and returned home to his wife and three children to recover from his illness.
On June 21, 1863, three enrolling officers, whose duty it was to enforce the draft and bring in army deserters, came to Howe's home in the middle of the night to arrest him. A gunfight broke out and one of the officers—Abraham Bertolet—was fatally wounded by a gunshot to the chest. Howe fled but was arrested a month later in Allentown, PA.
There were many uncertain facts related to Howe's case. Who fired first: Howe or the officers sent to arrest him? Did the officers try to break into Howe's home when they came in the middle of the night?
Was Howe simply defending his home and family? Was the murder planned by conspirators determined to kill anyone who favored the war? Were the officers drunk when they tried to apprehend him?
Did Howe fire the shots or was it the work of Mrs. Howe? Accounts differed and Howe's case became a subject of intense debate in the local newspapers.
In November 1863 Howe faced military court martial, charged with desertion and murder. On November 28, the court found him guilty on both counts and sentenced him to death by hanging. However, irregularities in how the court carried out the case caused the conviction to be set aside. A second court martial began on February 13, 1864. On March 7, 1864, Howe was convicted a second time and again and sentenced to death. The ex*****on was to take place at Fort Mifflin in the summer of 1864.
Howe was held at Fort Mifflin during his trials, and spent time in Casemate 11, the Fort's underground punishment cells, where he signed his name on one of the walls. He was also held at Eastern State Penitentiary from May to August 1864.
On August 26, 1864, Howe was brought back to Fort Mifflin and was hung on the parade grounds near the Fort's large wooden front gate at 12:07 PM. Howe's was the only known ex*****on at Fort Mifflin during the Civil War.
In a tragic postscript, on August 26, 1865, one year to the date of his ex*****on, President Andrew Johnson commuted Howe's sentence from death to imprisonment with a dishonorable discharge.
Today, Fort Mifflin commemorates the 162nd anniversary of Howe's ex*****on with a full day of events and activities devoted to Howe's case and Fort Mifflin's role as a Civil War prison. Was Howe guilty? Did the punishment fit the crime? You be the judge!