06/19/2026
Today is Juneteenth, marking the end of slavery in the United States. Emancipation was only the first step on the road to freedom--the second was Reconstruction. Newly emancipated slaves had to be educated and trained for the new industrial jobs that were emerging if they were ever to participate on an equal basis in the cultural, civic, and economic life of the country. In 1866, the Freedmen's Bureau opened a new Freedmen's school at the former Medical College of Alabama in Mobile. A total of 420 Black and mixed-race students were transferred there from the State Street AME Zion School for Freedmen, and educated by white Northern missionaries. The founder of the Medical College, Dr. Josiah Nott, was adamantly opposed to the Freedmen's School. In a meeting with Major-General Oliver O. Howard, the superintendent of the Freedman's Bureau, Nott said he would "rather see the building burned down." Due to rising tensions, the Freedman's school was moved to a new location on Government Street in 1868 and renamed Emerson College, after its financial sponsors, Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Emerson, Sr. The school later became known as Emerson Normal Institute, operating as a public school from 1927 to 1970. The Medical College, meanwhile, reopened in its original building in 1868. First picture: Letter from Dr. Nott, Advertiser and Register, September 19, 1865. Second picture: Medical College of Alabama, c. 1900.