10/21/2026
It was brought up last month that Riley had some connection to American Spiritualism, and I think it’s about time to address this fact.
Firstly, American Spiritualism was a religious movement throughout the 1800s that came into being around the same time as many of the other notable American-based religious movements, such as Mormonism or Seventh-day Adventism. This period was known as the Second Great Awakening and was largely centered around Western New York State, in a region known as the Burned-Over District. Spiritualism was rooted in a belief in the persistence of the human spirit on Earth after death, and that some people are able to communicate with these spirits. Two of the biggest early figures in the movement were the Fox Sisters who, as young girls in the 1840s, claimed to be able to communicate with spirits in their cabin through “spirit rapping.” They would go on to become famous mediums, performing countless seances for thousands of people.
The American Spiritualism Movement would remain a popular quasi-religious strain in the United States up through the 20th Century, hosting several churches in the US, one of which still operates in Florida. As for Riley’s connection, while he himself was not an ascribed member of any Spiritualist sect, his mother may have had some overlapping beliefs with Spiritualism, some of which were passed on to her children. Riley would write about his parents’ spirits living on in correspondence with his siblings, not to mention the literature in the home on supernatural occurrences, such as divine healing or telepathy.