09/30/2026
National Orange Shirt Day 2026: The history of the United States holds a horrific chapter of federally mandated residential schools, representing a system of forced cultural assimilation, targeting Indigenous youth. Initiated in the late 19th century, the era was defined by the federal government's policy to dismantle Indigenous cultures, languages, and family structures. The mandated governmental school system began in 1879 when Pratt opened the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania. Rooted in Pratt's infamous philosophy to "Kill the Indian in him, and save the man," Carlisle sadly became the national template for a massive, military-style, off-reservation, federal network.
In 1884, the federal government opened the Indian Industrial Training School in Lawrence, Kansas—now known as Haskell Indian Nations University. Like Carlisle, Haskell utilized a strict, regimented environment, often leading to abuse and death. Haskell was the sole federally mandated institution in the State of Kansas.
It is also important to acknowledge the national approach in the pre-Civil War era, largely focused on the territory, now known as Kansas. These historic, on-reservation Christian Mission schools, such as the Shawnee Mission, Kaw Mission, Pottawatomie Mission, Kickapoo Mission, Delaware Mission, to name a few, sought assimilation while keeping families intact, while educating Indigenous youth. Many of these Mission schools held Tribal Councils and Committees, overseeing educational and environmental aspects and many held student rosters and parental involvement. Some even had Indigenious teachers and paid staff members. The Shawnee Mission is one such historic institution.
The ultimate difference between pre-civil war and post-Carlisle, lay in the scope of total separation and systemic abuse. Post-Civil War off-reservation schools realized that tribal bonds could only be broken by physically kidnapping children and severing them from their home communities. This generated multi-generational trauma, widespread disease, thousands of undocumented deaths, and a pattern of historical injustice. United States history is a range of ideologies and often, oppression.
The victims and survivors of residential schools deserve national conversation of this traumatic chapter of history. National Orange Shirt Day is the first step in growing awareness and recognition on a national scale. At the Shawnee Indian Mission, we honor and remember the loss of culture, freedom, and identity experienced by Indigenous peoples.