10/15/2026
Ostraca, which are short texts written on pottery, stone, or other materials are commonly used in Egypt to write short notes such as this one. In this instance, while it records a transaction (in this case a rental of a donkey), the worth of that transaction was such that it did not make sense to record it on a more expensive material, which would have been papyrus. The cost of the papyrus would have probably outweighed the worth of the transaction. The text records a casual rental of a donkey, probably in year 1 of Ramses IV, by Pn-niwt to a woodcutter P3-ds, who appears frequently in ostraca of years 1 and 2 of Ramses IV. P3-ds pays Pn-niwt for the labor of the donkey in grain. People bought donkeys as investments and then rented them out to be a source of revenue.
E19123, baked clay and ink, Egypt, Ramses IV (1154–1148 BCE)