06/01/2026
On Wednesday, June 1, 1774, the day the Boston Port Act went into effect to punish Boston for the Boston Tea Party and paralyze the economic life of the Massachusetts Bay Colony—church bells tolled in mourning. Governor Thomas Hutchinson left behind a province in open rebellion and boarded the Minerva with his daughter Peggy and son Elisha, who left behind his pregnant wife, and sailed for England. Among his belongings was a letter from Lord Dartmouth, the English Secretary of State for the colonies, assuring him of his gracious approbation of his services and a promise to support him under any difficulties he may have yet to encounter.
Two weeks before, the British sloop-of-war HMS Lively slipped past Boston lighthouse and into the harbor. Fifty-four-year-old Lieutenant General Thomas Gage had arrived from England with two additional ships and four thousand troops to replace Thomas Hutchinson and enforce the Boston Port Act. As the HMS Lively docked to the sound of saluting cannon fire from the fortress and General Gage’s entourage disembarked, Parliament was formulating three more punitive acts to punish their unruly colony of Massachusetts.
Merchant John Rowe lamented to his diary, “This is the last day any vessel can enter this harbor until this fatal Act of Parliament is repealed. Poor unhappy Boston. God knows only thy wretched fate. I see nothing but misery will attend thy inhabitants.”