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Man in Phrygian costume, Hellenistic period (3rd–1st century BC
27/03/2026

Man in Phrygian costume, Hellenistic period (3rd–1st century BC

Detail from a reconstruction of a Phrygian building at Pararli, Turkey, 7th–6th centuries BC
27/03/2026

Detail from a reconstruction of a Phrygian building at Pararli, Turkey, 7th–6th centuries BC

Gordion (Phrygian: 𐊩𐌏𐌛𐊅𐊄𐌌, romanised: Gordum; Ancient Greek: Γόρδιον, romanized: Górdion; Turkish: Gordion or Gordiyon; ...
27/03/2026

Gordion (Phrygian: 𐊩𐌏𐌛𐊅𐊄𐌌, romanised: Gordum; Ancient Greek: Γόρδιον, romanized: Górdion; Turkish: Gordion or Gordiyon; Latin: Gordium) was the capital city of ancient Phrygia. It was located at the site of modern Yassıhüyük, about 70–80 km (43–50 mi) southwest of Ankara (capital of Turkey), in the immediate vicinity of Polatlı district. Gordion's location at the confluence of the Sakarya and Porsuk rivers gave it a strategic location with control over fertile land. Gordion lies where the ancient road between Lydia and Assyria/Babylonia crossed the Sangarius river. Occupation at the site is attested from the Early Bronze Age (c. 2300 BCE) continuously until the 4th century CE and again in the 13th and 14th centuries CE. The Citadel Mound at Gordion is approximately 13.5 hectares in size, and at its height habitation extended beyond this in an area approximately 100 hectares in size. Gordion is the type site of Phrygian civilization, and its well-preserved destruction level of c. 800 BCE is a chronological linchpin in the region. The long tradition of tumuli at the site is an important record of elite monumentality and burial practice during the Iron Age.

In classical antiquity, Phrygia (/ˈfrɪdʒiə/ FRIJ-ee-ə; Ancient Greek: Φρυγία, Phrygía) was a kingdom in the west-central...
27/03/2026

In classical antiquity, Phrygia (/ˈfrɪdʒiə/ FRIJ-ee-ə; Ancient Greek: Φρυγία, Phrygía) was a kingdom in the west-central part of Anatolia, in what is now Asian Turkey, centered on the Sangarios River.

Tabal (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒆳𒋫𒁄 and 𒌷𒋫𒁄), later reorganised into Bīt-Burutaš (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒆳𒂍𒁹𒁍𒊒𒋫𒀾) or Bīt-P...
27/03/2026

Tabal (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒆳𒋫𒁄 and 𒌷𒋫𒁄), later reorganised into Bīt-Burutaš (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒆳𒂍𒁹𒁍𒊒𒋫𒀾) or Bīt-Paruta (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒂍𒁹𒉺𒊒𒋫), was a Luwian-speaking Neo-Hittite state which existed in southeastern Anatolia in the Iron Age.

27/03/2026

The Kaska (also Kaška, later Tabalian Kasku and Gasga) were a loosely affiliated Bronze Age non-Indo-European tribal people, who spoke the unclassified Kaskian language and lived in mountainous East Pontic Anatolia, known from Hittite sources. They lived in the mountainous region between the core Hittite region in eastern Anatolia and the Black Sea, and are cited as the reason that the later Hittite Empire never extended northward to that area. They are sometimes identified with the Caucones known from Greek records.

Twelve Hittite gods of the Underworld in the nearby Yazılıkaya, a sanctuary of Hattusa
27/03/2026

Twelve Hittite gods of the Underworld in the nearby Yazılıkaya, a sanctuary of Hattusa

The Great Temple in the inner city of Hattusa
27/03/2026

The Great Temple in the inner city of Hattusa

Reconstructed city walls of Hattusa
27/03/2026

Reconstructed city walls of Hattusa

Hattusa, also Hattuşa, Ḫattuša, Hattusas, or Hattusha, was the capital of the Hittite Empire in the late Bronze Age duri...
27/03/2026

Hattusa, also Hattuşa, Ḫattuša, Hattusas, or Hattusha, was the capital of the Hittite Empire in the late Bronze Age during two distinct periods. Its ruins lie near modern Boğazkale, Turkey (originally Boğazköy) within the great loop of the Kızılırmak River (Hittite: Marashantiya; Greek: Halys).

Hattusili's Civil War was a struggle between the Hittite king Muršili III and his uncle Ḫattušili III that occurred arou...
27/03/2026

Hattusili's Civil War was a struggle between the Hittite king Muršili III and his uncle Ḫattušili III that occurred around 1267 BC. This struggle erupted into a civil war, which Ḫattušili went on to win. Muršili was exiled, but continued to claim the throne from abroad.

Ḫattušili III (Hittite: "from Hattusa") was the labarna (king) of the Hittite empire (New Kingdom) c. 1275–1245 BC (midd...
27/03/2026

Ḫattušili III (Hittite: "from Hattusa") was the labarna (king) of the Hittite empire (New Kingdom) c. 1275–1245 BC (middle chronology) or 1267–1237 BC (short chronology timeline).

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