01/09/2026
Were the ancient Malays really animists—or were they Hanif?
For centuries, the early beliefs of Southeast Asian societies have often been described using the term “animism.” But some scholars, including Professor Solehah Yaacob, have challenged this interpretation.
She argues that the spiritual worldview of ancient Malay societies may have included elements of monotheism and the concept of Hanif, rather than simply being characterized as idol worship or animism.
But this raises a fascinating historical question: Are we describing the beliefs of ancient Southeast Asians accurately, or are modern labels shaping how we understand their past?
The debate remains open—and examining archaeology, ancient texts, comparative religion, and oral traditions may help us understand the complexity of Southeast Asia's pre-Islamic spiritual history.
