
12/01/2025
Inspired by the psychoanalyst theory of the unconscious by Sigmund Freud, Surrealism used irrational images to portray the working of the human mind. Max Ernst's Pietà or Revolution by Night is typical example of this approach. The painting replaces the traditional scene of Mary clasping the body of Christ with an image of the artist himself, held by his father.
The painting is interpreted as symbolic of the turbulent relationship between the artist and his father, as an amateur painter and staunch Catholic. In the painting, Ernst replaces the classic image of the Virgin Mary holding the crucified body of Jesus (Pietà) with his father as Mary and the artist himself as Jesus. The expressions on both faces are blank as though in a state of sleepwalking. In the background drawn on a wall is a man with a bandaged head ascending a flight of stairs. A profile on the work in the British newspaper The Guardian indicates the figure could represent either Sigmund Freud or the French poet Guillaume Apollinaire, who suffered a head wound during World War I.
Pietà or Revolution by Night is currently on show at Tate Modern in London. To book our See Tate Modern with an Art Historian walk, please send us a message.