30/12/2023
Writing was invented in Sumer, Mesopotamia, c. 3500 BCE, in the form of cuneiform script and refined c. 3200 BCE in the Sumerian city of Uruk. To become a scribe, one had to learn to fashion one's own writing tablet, master the 600 characters of cuneiform, and also become educated in various fields of knowledge including agriculture, botany, business and finance, construction, mathematics, politics, religion, and many others.
Scribes were almost always the sons of the upper class and nobility, but by the Akkadian Period (2334-2218 BCE), there is evidence of female scribes, the most famous being Enheduanna (l. 2285-2250 BCE), daughter of Sargon of Akkad (Sargon the Great, r. 2334-2279 BCE). After the Akkadian Period, cuneiform script was used primarily to write in Akkadian, but a scribe still needed to know Sumerian, which, though it became a dead language, still informed Akkadian in the same way Latin or Sanskrit does in modern-day languages.
After the fall of the Akkadian Empire, the other civilizations of Mesopotamia – including the Assyrians, Babylonians, Hittites, Kassites, and others – used cuneiform script to write their own languages, but the scribe still needed to know Sumerian and Akkadian and continued to copy documents from the past. Through this practice, the scribes of ancient Mesopotamia created 'history' by preserving the past in written form.
✍Joshua J. Mark
📷This clay tablet still has its clay envelope. The tablet mentions a legal case before Niqmepuh, King of Iamhad (Aleppo) concerning the legacy of two houses. The seal impressions of ten witnesses (including the King) survive on the fragmentary envelope. Grooves framing some impressions were made by metal caps, probably of gold. Circa 1720 BCE. From Level VII Palace at Tell Atchana, modern-day Hatay Province, Turkey. (The British Museum, London)