02/06/2019
Fort Donelson National Battlefield
One hundred-fifty-seven years ago today, the first Union victory of the Forts Henry, Heiman, and Donelson Campaign occurred, and in addition to opening up the Tennessee River to a mostly uncontested river access all of the way into northwestern Alabama, the engagement signaled a significant advancement in, and test of, inland naval warfare.
The just received, state of the art (our term), heavily armored and significantly armed "city class" ironclad gunboats were fully a new weapon that would change inland naval warfare.
The battle for Fort Henry was the first formidable test of these vessels in combat - proving the sheer benefit of the design, but also bringing realization that the modern gunship was not without its vulnerabilities.
The mission of the growing Western Gunboat Flotilla prior to the campaign was to defend the upper Mississippi and Ohio rivers and intercept contraband heading south. When the ironclads were completed the flotilla had an offensive power, but unfortunately, Flag-Officer Foote did not have enough men to man all of the available vessels.
On this date, February 6, 1862, for his first major operation on the western waters, Foote used four ironclads, and the three wooden gunboats, which held-back for long-range, but less effective, fire against the fort. Five other ironclads were laid up for repairs or were immobilized for lack of available men to serve on the vessels.
The seventy-five minute heavy bombardment between the new gunboats and that of Fort Henry was intense. The boats absorbed the blows of many hits, and the USS Essex was disabled by a single shot that proved devastating to those on-board.
A chance 32-pound shot penetrated USS Essex, hitting her middle boiler, sending scalding steam throughout half of the ship. Thirty-two men were killed or wounded, including her commander, William D. Porter, and the ironclad was forced out of action for the remainder of the campaign.
After an hour and a half of shelling the boats drew to pointblank range and forced the battered garrison to surrender.
The bulk of the Confederates escaped, but Confederate Brigadier General Lloyd Tilghman had remained behind with a small force to man the guns, and was captured.
The first real test of the new ironclad gunboat design proved a success, and this purely naval victory propelled Foote to national renown and sent a wave of panic throughout the western Confederacy.
Only eight days later the second test for Federal squadron would take place -- on the Cumberland River directly below the heights of the batteries of Fort Donelson.