Ayyubid Dynasty and Mamluk Sultanate

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The Battle of Ridaniya or Battle of Ridanieh (Turkish: Ridaniye Muharebesi; Arabic: معركة الريدانية) was fought on Janua...
03/04/2026

The Battle of Ridaniya or Battle of Ridanieh (Turkish: Ridaniye Muharebesi; Arabic: معركة الريدانية) was fought on January 22, 1517, in Egypt. The Ottoman forces of Selim I defeated the Mamluk forces under Al-Ashraf Tuman bay II. The Turks marched into Cairo, and the severed head of Tuman bay II, Egypt’s last Mamluk Sultan, was hung over an entrance gate in the Al Ghourieh quarter of Cairo. Or, alternatively, he was hung from the gate and buried after three days. The Ottoman grand vizier, Hadım Sinan Pasha, was killed in action.

Al-Ashraf Abu Al-Nasr Tuman Bay (Arabic: الأشرف أبو النصر طومان باي), better known as Tuman Bay II and Tumanbay II (طوما...
03/04/2026

Al-Ashraf Abu Al-Nasr Tuman Bay (Arabic: الأشرف أبو النصر طومان باي), better known as Tuman Bay II and Tumanbay II (طومان باي; c. 1476 – 15 April 1517) was the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt before the country's conquest by the Ottoman Empire in 1517. He ascended to the sultanic throne during the final period of Mamluk rule in Egypt, after the defeat of Sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri by Ottoman Sultan Selim I at the Battle of Marj Dabiq the year prior. He was the last person to hold the title of Sultan of Egypt until the re-establishment of the sultanate 397 years later under Hussein Kamel in 1914.

The Battle of Marj Dābiq (Arabic: مرج دابق, meaning "the meadow of Dābiq"; Turkish: Mercidabık Muharebesi), a decisive m...
03/04/2026

The Battle of Marj Dābiq (Arabic: مرج دابق, meaning "the meadow of Dābiq"; Turkish: Mercidabık Muharebesi), a decisive military engagement in Middle Eastern history, was fought on 24 August 1516, near the town of Dabiq, 44 km north of Aleppo (modern Syria). The battle was part of the 1516–17 war between the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate, which ended in an Ottoman victory and conquest of much of the Middle East and brought about the destruction of the Mamluk Sultanate. The Ottoman victory in the battle gave Selim's armies control of the entire region of Syria and opened the door to the conquest of Egypt.

The Sultan al-Ghuri Complex, also known as the Funerary complex of Sultan al-Ghuri, and as the al-Ghuriya, is a monument...
03/04/2026

The Sultan al-Ghuri Complex, also known as the Funerary complex of Sultan al-Ghuri, and as the al-Ghuriya, is a monumental Islamic religious and funerary complex built by the Mamluk sultan Qansuh al-Ghuri between 1503 and 1505 CE. The complex consists of two major buildings facing each other on al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah Street, in the Fahhamin Quarter, in the middle of the historic part of Cairo, Egypt. The eastern side of the complex includes the Sultan's mausoleum, a khanqah, a sabil (water distribution kiosk), and a kuttab (Islamic primary school), while the western side of the complex is a mosque and madrasa. Today the mosque-madrasa is open as a mosque while the former khanqah-mausoleum is open to visitors as a historic site.

The Wikala of Sultan Qansuh al-Ghuri (or Wikalat al-Ghuri, among other variations) is a caravanserai in medieval Cairo, ...
03/04/2026

The Wikala of Sultan Qansuh al-Ghuri (or Wikalat al-Ghuri, among other variations) is a caravanserai in medieval Cairo, Egypt. It was built in 1504–1505 and is considered today one of the most impressive and best-preserved examples of this type of building in Cairo.

03/04/2026

Mamluk resistance prevented the Portuguese from blocking Red Sea trade completely. However, supply interruption was enough to force prices in Egypt to astronomical levels.

In 1505 the Mamluk Sultan Qansuh al-Ghuri ordered the first expedition against the Portuguese. The fleet was built with ...
03/04/2026

In 1505 the Mamluk Sultan Qansuh al-Ghuri ordered the first expedition against the Portuguese. The fleet was built with timber and weapons from the Ottoman Empire, and crews and shipwrights were recruited throughout the eastern Mediterranean. The expedition, under Amir Husain Al-Kurdi, left Suez in November and travelled by sea to Jeddah, where they fortified the city. The fleet then prepared itself to go to Aden.This coincided with the dispatch of the 7th Portuguese India Armada into the Indian Ocean, under Francisco de Almeida.

The Battle of Diu was a naval battle fought on 3 February 1509 in the Arabian Sea, in the port of Diu, India, between th...
03/04/2026

The Battle of Diu was a naval battle fought on 3 February 1509 in the Arabian Sea, in the port of Diu, India, between the Portuguese Empire and a joint fleet of the Sultan of Gujarat, the Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt and the Zamorin of Calicut.

The Battle of Chaul was a naval battle between the Portuguese and an Egyptian Mamluk fleet in 1508 in the harbour of Cha...
03/04/2026

The Battle of Chaul was a naval battle between the Portuguese and an Egyptian Mamluk fleet in 1508 in the harbour of Chaul in India. The battle ended in a Mamluk victory. It followed the Siege of Cannanore in which a Portuguese garrison successfully resisted an attack by Southern Indian rulers. This was the first Portuguese defeat at sea in the Indian Ocean.

03/04/2026

Amir Husain Al-Kurdi (Arabic: أمیر حسین الکردي), named Mihir Hussain or Mir-Hocém or Mirocém by the Portuguese, was an Egyptian governor of the city of Jeddah in the Red Sea, then part of the Mamluk Sultanate, in early 16th century. He stood out as admiral of the Mamluk fleet fought by the forces of the Portuguese Empire in the Indian Ocean. Shortly after the arrival of the Portuguese to the Indian sea, Mirocem was sent by the second to last Mamluk Sultan, Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri, to defend his interests in the sea, including the defense of the fleets of Muslim pilgrims to Mecca, then part of the sultanate.

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